Tag: İtalya

Hakkı Baha Çavuşgil (1924 ~ 2006)

Hakkı Baha Çavuşgil, started working for the Turkish State Mint in 1979 and created dozens of circulation and commemorative coins until his death.

He graduated from Fine Arts Academy and created many sculptures, focusing on abstract figures.

His brief cv from the State Mint Website:

He was born on 15th of May, 1924 in Harput, Elazig. completed his primary and middle education in Canakkale, his high school in the capital; Financial Trade School of Ankara.

Enrolled to Academy of Fine Arts (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University today). Received lessons from Rudolf Belling and Zuhtu Muritoglu workshops, graduated sculpture programme in 1955. Also graduated Decoration and Ornamentation Arts Ceramics programme in 1957.

Studied in Italy under Italian Gov’t scholarship at Rome Istituto Centrale Del Restauro for five years.

Graduated Rome Medallion Arts School with honours (1962)

Staged dozens of exhibitions domestically and abroad, received several awards.

His creations while working for the State Mint:

  • 1981 Centennary of Ataturk’s birth; Half (½) and whole 1 Lira silver and gold coins (*1)
  • 1981 FAO World Food Day; 16th of October 20 Lira aluminium and 1.500 Lira silver coins
  • 1982 Hicretin 15. Yüzyılı
  • 1982 FAO 16 Ekim Dünya Besin Günü gümüş 1.500 Lira
  • 1982 Dünya İzciliğinin 75. Yılı
  • 1983 Anadolu Medeniyetleri Sergisi 500 Lira küpronikel ve 50.000 Lira altın
  • 1983 Cumhuriyet’in 60. Yılı (İnsan figürlerinin taşıdığı Ay Yıldız desenli yazı tarafı, *2)
  • 1984 Kış Olimpiyatları – Sarajevo, Bosna Hersek
  • 1984 Yaz Olimpiyatları – Los Angeles, ABD
  • 1985 Turgut Reis 500. doğum yılı gümüş 5.000 Lira ve altın 50.000 Lira
  • 1986 Dünya Futbol Şampiyonası – Meksika (kaktüs figürlü gümüş ve altın, ayrıca futbolcu figürlü gümüş, toplam 3 hatıra para)
  • 1986 Mehmet Akif Ersoy 50. Ölüm Yılı
  • 1987 Ormancılığımızın 130 Yılı, “Yeşili Yaşat, Ormanı Koru” sloganlı biri gümüş, biri altın iki hatıra para
  •  1988 Kış Olimpiyatları – Calgary, Kanada
  • 1988 Yaz Olimpiyatları – Seul, Güney Kore
  • 1988 Mavi Haliç, Büyük İstanbul Çevre Koruma Projesi, altın ve gümüş iki hatıra para
  • 1989 İstanbul Metrosu
  • 1989 Mimar Sinan 400. Anma Yılı (1.000 Liralık küpro-nikel, 20.000 Liralık gümüş ve 200.000 Liralık altın)
  • 1990 Çanakkale Zaferi 75. Yıl gümüş ve altın iki hatıra para
  • 1990 Parlamenter Demokraside 70. Yıl gümüş ve altın iki hatıra para
  • 1990 Dünya Futbol Şampiyonası – İtalya (Romus & Romülüs’ü emziren kurt figürlü ve top süren bir futbolcu desenli iki gümüş para)
  • 1991 Mozart 200. Ölüm Yılı – Saraydan Kız Kaçırma Operası – Topkapı Sarayı
  • 1992 500 Years of Peace and Harmony – Turkish Jews (Sefarad Yahudileri Göçü’nün 500. Yıldönümü, küpronikel, gümüş ve altın)
  • 1992 Cioacchino Rossini 200. Doğum Yılı
  • 1992 Muhsin Ertuğrul 100. Doğum Yılı
  • 1993 Türkiye Kızılay Derneği 125. Yıl (gümüş ve altın iki hatıra para)
  • 1993 Cumhuriyet’in 70. Yılı
  • 1993 Pyotr İliç Çaykovskiy 100. Ölüm Yılı
  • 1994 GAP – Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi
  • 1995 25.000 Lira tedavül
  • 1995 25.000 Lira “Dünya Hoşgörü Yılı”
  • 1995 Piri Reis (Gemiler ve Kaşifler Serisi No: 1) (gümüş ve altın iki hatıra para)
  • 1995 FAO 50. Yıl
  • 1996 Yaz Olimpiyatları – Atlanta, ABD
  • 1996 Nasreddin Hoca – UNESCO Dünya Kahkaha Yılı (*3)
  • 1996 Gümrük Birliği – Customs Union
  • 1996 ECU
  • 1997 Piri Reis (Gemiler ve Kaşifler Serisi No: 2) (1995’teki desen ile aynı ancak daha ufak bir altın para)
  • 1997 Çin Seddi ve Toprak Asker Ordusu (İpek Yolu Serisi No: 1)
  • 1997 Mehmet Akif Ersoy 60. Ölüm Yılı
  • 1997 Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi – 1st World Air Games (Dünya Hava Oyunları,750.000 ve 1.500.000 Liralık iki gümüş *3)
  • 1997 Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa Kaptan-ı Derya (Gemiler ve Kaşifler Serisi No: 3)
  • 1997 Lidya Krallığı Kroisos
  • 1997 Myra’lı Aziz Noel Baba € EURO
  • 1998 Dünya Futbol Şampiyonası – Fransa
  • 1998 Cumhuriyet’in 75. Yılı – Cumhuriyet ve Devrimler (Çağdaş Giyim Kuşam, Şapka Devrimi)
  • 1998 Yaz Olimpiyatları 2000 – Halter
  • 1999 Dünyada İlk Para Lidya (altın para 1997 tarihlidir)
  • 1999 Uygur Bölgesi (İpek Yolu Serisi No: 2)
  • 1999 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluşunun 700. yılı – Osman Gazi
  • 2000 Bill Clinton’un Ziyareti (gümüş ve bimetal)
  • 2001 Darphane’nin Kuruluşu 1467 Madalyonu
  • 2001 Türkiye’nin Kuşları – Saz Horozu (Porphyrio Porphyrio)
  • 2001 Türkiye’nin Kuşları – Yeşil Arıkuşu (Merops Superciliosus)
  • 2002 Türkiye’nin Çiçekleri – Benekli Yılanyastığı (Arum Maculatum)
  • 2002 Türkiye’nin Çiçekleri – Safran (Crocus Sativus)
  • 2002 Türkiye’nin Çiçekleri – Domuztopalağı (Cyclamen Trochopteranthum)
  • 2002 Yunus Emre “Adımız miskindir bizim, Düşmanımız kindir bizim”
  • 2003 Olimpic Games 2000 – Güreş (altın para 2000 tarihlidir)
  • 2004 İsmet İnönü (Binyılın Türkleri Serisi)
  • 2004 Kanuni Sultan Süleyman (Binyılın Türkleri Serisi)
  • 2005 Çöl Varanı (Türkiye’nin Hayvanları)
  • 2008 İpek Yolu – Kırgızistan (1999 Uygur Bölgesi parasında kullanılan yazı yüzü, *4)
  • 2008 İpek Yolu – Özbekistan (1999 Uygur Bölgesi parasında kullanılan yazı yüzü, *4)
  • 2012 İpek Yolu – Türkmenistan (1999 Uygur Bölgesi parasında kullanılan yazı yüzü, *4)
  • 2013 İpek Yolu – İran (1999 Uygur Bölgesi parasında kullanılan yazı yüzü, *4)
  • 2014 İpek Yolu – Kayseri (1999 Uygur Bölgesi parasında kullanılan yazı yüzü, *4)

Medallions:

  • 1988 Türk Nümismatik Derneği “İsmail Galip Bey” Madalyonu
  • 1999 Türk Nümismatik Derneği “Cüneyt Ölçer” Madalyonu
  • 2001 Darphane’nin Kuruluşu 1467 Madalyonu

[1] Paraların deseni Etem Çalışkan‘a, rölyef ve kalıp uygulaması Hakkı Baha Çavuşgil’e aittir (*27, Sf. 51).

[2] Paranın Atatürk portreli tura tarafı Suat Özyönüm eseridir (*27, Sf. 68).

[3] Paraların deseni Turhan Selçuk‘a, rölyef ve kalıp uygulaması Hakkı Baha Çavuşgil’e aittir (*27, Sf. 153 & 165).

[4] Paraların tura yüzü Tekin Gülbasar‘a aittir.

ilave okuma: https://www.idildergisi.com/makale/pdf/1548617739.pdf

Şükrü Ertürk

Born in 1947 in Şebinkarahisar, Giresun, and working at the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye between 1977 and 2003, the first work of the engraving artist Şükrü Ertürk was the composition of children offering flowers to Atatürk on the back of the 7th issue 10 Lira banknotes printed in 1979, the International Year of Children.

Later, he produced many landscapes and patterns such as the Mehmet Akif Ersoy portrait, the Mevlana Museum on the 7th issue 5,000 Lira banknotes, and the view of the ancient city of Ephesus using the intaglio (taille-douce) technique, which is directly hand-engraved on copper or steel plates.

 

Sukru Erturk, who was an observer in the production process of the plates of 100,000 Lira banknotes ordered abroad, produced a portrait of Ataturk on tracing paper in 17 days, when he returned to Ankara, he transferred the portrait onto a steel mold over a period of 4 months, working 4 to 5 hours a day.

The portrait was based on a photograph taken by Cemal Isiksel and a result of a through and detailed archive study. It was later used on banknotes of 100,000 to 20,000,000 Lira value of the 7th emission. He also engraved the portrait used on the 50 and 100 Lira banknotes of the 8th emission.

The engraver, who produced 15 separate Atatürk portraits for the Banknote Printing House, has his name engraved as Ş.ERTÜRK on some of the engravings used on the banknotes. (*42, p. 144 & 177).

Şükrü Ertürk, who studied at Sivas High School, continued his education at the Department of Art and Craft Teaching at the Gazi Education Institute in 1966. After working as an art teacher at the Diyarbakır Dicle Primary School between 1969 and 1971. He worked as an assistant at the Gazi Education Institute Art and Craft Department between 1974 and 1977.

Şükrü Ertürk, who met with executives of the Banknote Printing House who Gazi Education Institute in 1976, learned that the printing house needed an engraving artists. Later he passed the admission exams and started working as an engraving artist at the Banknote Printing House.

In 1986, he visited the workshop of Prof. Trento Cionini, who produced the portraits on Italian banknotes, with Mustafa Çakırcalı. Prof. Cionini was also an apprentice of Mario Baiardi. Sukru Erturk speaks of about Baiardi: “I never met him, but the engraving portraits he made became my second teacher.”

Şükrü Ertürk 2002 Banknot Matbaası Atölyesinde

The artist also created the designs for many stamps.

Şükrü Ertürk tells about the first time a picture he drew was used on a stamp:

“I was in the senior year of Sivas High School in 1966. My art teacher Emrullah Bulurman came to me and tasked me to draw the Şifahiye Madrasah. I was so excited that I even forgot about the final exams in the first days of June. My drawing would be printed on a stamp, so I was overjoyed. I climbed atop the balcony of Çifte Minaret across from Şifahiye Madrasah and made a draft drawing. Then I made a clean copy, found my art teacher, and together we went to Sivas Governor Vefik Kitapçıgil. The governor offered us tea. I don’t remember what else he said. Then My teacher and I left the office.

…

Later when I was in the second year of Gazi Education Institute in 1967, I attended the meeting of the Ankara Sivas Association. I learned from the association president that they had printed a stamp for Şifahiye Madrasah. The next day, I went to the big post office in Ulus and inquired about the stamp. They forwarded it to the relevant unit. I bought 5 stamps. Finally I had one in my hand.

I learned about the First Day Cover and other detils during my duty at the Banknote Printing House when I was the representative in PTT’s stamp competitions. The stamp department manager Halil Say, whom I love very much, had these stamps made for me. I remember him with respect and gratitude.

I met Metin Bey, who worked in the film department at the Ajans Türk Printing House where the stamp was printed. When my drawing was reduced to the size of the stamp, many fine lines could not be printed. I had no knowledge of stamp printing when I made the drawing. Metin Bey retouched these lines. I wish him a healthy life if he is alive and mercy if he has passed away.”

 

Şükrü Ertürk defines banknotes as “functional printwork” and he has also been working on exlibris since 1997. He has produced bookplates for Prof. Hasip Pektaş, Müjde Ayan, Luc van den Briele, Benoit Junod and Prof. Dr. Aziz Sancar. The most prominent element in his exlibris, which have similarities with banknote portraiture, is the portrait of the owner.

Click for the Bulgarian Exlibris competition website, where he won an award in 2014.

Click on the image below for the exlibris works in the Frederikshavn Art Museum inventory

Şükrü Ertürk'ün Atatürk portreli, "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İlelebet Payidar Kalacaktır" sloganlı banknot görünümündeki exlibris çalışması
Şükrü Ertürk exlibris

 

* Click here for other artists whose patterns are included in the design of Turkish coins.

(We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the artist who contributed to this compilation with valuable details)

[1] The graphic design of the background compositions of the stamps in the series and also the portraits of Haldun Taner and Bedia Muvahhit are the work of Mustafa Çakırcalı (stamp images courtesy of Pulhane.com).

Related content:

Suat Özyönüm

Born in 1951, the artist enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts in 1974. With encouragement from his professors Şadi Çalık and Hüseyin Gezer, he started working for the State Mint in 1977. However, he shortly quit to focus on his studies.

One year after graduating from the academy in 1980,  he was invited by the State Mint and so he joined the staff. In 1986 he was sent to Italian Mint in Rome on a five-month programme to study contemporary coin making techniques.

He retired from the Turkish State Mint in 2006.

Exhibitions he took part in:

  • 1976 – Participated in the Open-Air Painting Exhibition at the Archaeological Museums.
  • 1978 – Took part in the YDGSA Higher Sculpture Department Student Group Exhibition.
  • 1978 – Participated in the State Painting and Sculpture Exhibition.
  • 1979 – Opened his first solo sculpture exhibition at Nur Art Gallery.
  • 1979 – Participated in the State Painting and Sculpture Exhibition.
  • 1979 – Took part in the 2nd Art Festival events.
  • 1981 – Participated in the 3rd Istanbul Art Festival “New Trends” Exhibition.
  • 1981 – Joined the contemporary mixed sculpture exhibition at Maçka Art Gallery.
  • 1981 – Took part in the mixed painting and sculpture exhibition at Moda Fine Arts Gallery.
  • 1984 – Participated in the 12th International Istanbul Festival “Contemporary Artists 5th Istanbul Exhibition.”
  • 1993 – Held a Unique Medallion and Sculpture Exhibition at Sadberk Hanım Museum.
  • 1994 – Opened a sculpture exhibition at Foks Art Gallery.
  • 2001 – Participated in the exhibition “Meeting with Sculpture on the 78th Anniversary of the Republic” at Akbank Art Center.

Awards he received:

  • 1979 – Received First Prize in the Osman Hamdi Sculpture Competition.
  • 1987 – Received two honorable mentions in the State Medals and Orders competition organized by the Prime Ministry.

Coins he designed and engraved during his tenure at the State Mint:

  • 1977 FAO Food and Shelter for Everyone acmonital 2½ and 5 Lira and a silver commemorative coin with face value of 50 Lira
  • 1981 International Year of Disabled People gold 30.000 Lira
  • 1983 FAO 16th October World Food Day, silver 1.500 Lira
  • 1983 60th anniversary of the Turkish Republic commemorative coin (the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk) *1)
  • 1984 1 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1984 5 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1984 10 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1984 50 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1984 100 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1984 United Nations, Decade for Women silver and gold commemoratives
  • 1984 50th anniversary of Turkish Women obtaining the right to vote and the right to run for office
  • 1984 20 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1985 25 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1985 FAO 9th World Forestry Conference Mexico
  • 1985 World Youth Year
  • 1986 International Year of Peace, gold and silver commemoratives
  • 1987 International Year of Shelter for the Homeless
  • 1988 50 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1988 100 Lira commemorative coin; Mexico strike the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk (*2)
  • 1989 500 Lira circulation coin; the obverse bearing the effigy of Atatürk
  • 1989 500 Lira commemorative coin; Mexico strike
  • 1989 Teachers Day 24th of November
  • 1990 1.000 Lira circulation coin; both faces
  • 1990 1.000 Lira circulating commemorative “Love Our Environment”
  • 1991 2.500 Lira circulation coin; both faces
  • 1991 Yunus Emre Year of Love
  • 1991 Ahmet Adnan Saygun commemorative
  • 1992 5.000 Lira circulation coin; both faces
  • 1992 Winter Olympics – Albertville, France
  • 1992 Summer Olympic Games – Barcelona, Spain
  • 1994 10.000 Lira circulation coin; both faces
  • 1994 World Football Championship two commemoratives with face value of 50.000 Lira
  • 1995 Protected Nature #1 – Bald Ibis
  • 1995 T.B.M.M. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 75. Yılı
  • 1995 Polis Teşkilatının 150. Yılı
  • 1995 Korunan Doğa #2 – Caretta Caretta
  • 1996 50.000 Lira tedavül parasının ön ve arka yüzleri
  • 1996 Habitat II Kent Zirvesi
  • 1996 Korunan Doğa #3 – Akdeniz Foku
  • 1996 Hulusi Behçet
  • 1996 Korunan Doğa #4 – Kardelen
  • 1997 İstanbul Kültür Varlıkları #1 – Kız Kulesi
  • 1998 Hasan Ali Yücel
  • 1998 Lozan Barış Antlaşması’nın 75. Yılı
  • 1998 Cumhuriyet’in 75. Yılı Setinden:
    • Cumhuriyet ve Lozan
    • Cumhuriyet 2000
  • 1998 2 EURO, 500.000 Lira
  • 1998 10 EURO 2.500.000 Lira
  • 1999 100.000 Lira tedavül parasının ön ve arka yüzleri
  • 1999 Tam Güneş Tutulması temalı iki tip hatıra para
  • 1999 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluşunun 700. yılı
    • Osmanlı Arması
    • İlk Osmanlı Parası
    • Osmanlı Minyatür Sanatı
  • 1999 FAO XXI 21. Yüzyıl Gıda Güvenliği (XXI Century Food Security)
  • 2000 Geleneksel Türk Tiyatrosu #1 – Hacivat ve Karagöz
  • 2000 Birleşmiş Milletler Binyıl Zirvesi
  • 2001 Binyılın Türkleri – Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Madalyonu
  • 2001 Cahit Arf
  • 2001 Türkiye’nin Kuşları – Kelaynak (Geronticus Eremita)
  • 2002 Türkiye’nin Çiçekleri – Antalya Süseni (Iris Pamphylica)
  • 2004 Binyılın Türk’leri – Nazım Hikmet Ran
  • 2005 T.B.M.M. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 85. Milli Egemenlik Yılı
  • 2005 tedavül paralarından 1, 5 ve 10 Kuruşların tura yüzünde yer alan Atatürk portreleri
  • 2009 tedavül paralarının tamamında (1, 5, 10, 25 ve 50 Kuruş ile 1 Lira) tura yüzünde yer alan, ilk olarak 1984 yılı 1, 5, 10, 20 ve 50 Liralıklarda yer alan Mustafa Kemal Atatürk portresi.

İlk kez 1984 yılı FAO Balıkçılık altın parasının yazı yüzünde kullanılan ve 1984’ten itibaren para setlerinde görülen Darphane logosu kendisinin eseridir (*27, Sf. 73, 74 & 75).

İstanbul Darphanesi Logosu

Darphane’deki diğer eserleri:

Other Works at the Mint

  • Grand National Assembly of Turkey medallion
  • 40th anniversary of NATO commemorative medallion with the slogan “Peace in Freedom”
  • 1990 medallion with the slogans “Love People, Protect the Environment” and “Everything is for People – The Environment is a Trust”
  • 1998 Habitat II Istanbul Urban Summit medallion
  • Gold-plated key to the city and box, produced for the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality

 

[1] The reverse was the handiwork of Hakkı Baha Çavuşgil (*27, p 68).

[2] Workers of the Mint went on strike between June 23 and October 19, 1988. Some of the circulation coins were struck at the Mexican Mint. 10 million 100 Lira coins dated 1988 and approximately 66 million 500 Lira coins dated 1989 were minted in Mexico using molds produced in Istanbul. In addition to the circulation coins produced, one thousand silver 100 and 500 Lira commemorative coins were minted. These commemorative coins, which were kept in the Turkish Mint for a while, were offered for sale to registered collectors in 1995 (*27, p 100).

 

* See all the artists who contributed to the designs of Turkish Republican coins and banknotes here.

Masino Bessi

Fiorenzo Masino Bessi is the graphic designer of the sixth emission 50, 100 and 500 Lira banknotes, whose Atatürk portrait engravings were made by Alfred Nefe (*1).

Masino Bessi’s most famous works are the Italian banknotes from the early 1960s, when he was commissioned by the Bank of Italy to redesign banknotes in need of renewal in a way that would honor Italian creativity.

Portraits of Verdi, Raphael and Michelangelo were initially proposed for the 1.000, 5.000 and 10.000 Lire banknotes. Later, Raphael was replaced by Christopher Columbus, and Leonardo da Vinci was chosen for the 10,000 Lire banknote as a pioneer of scientific research and modern technology.

Bessi also reworked the designs of the 5.000 and 10.000 Lire banknotes, previously designed by artist Lazzaro Lazzarini, to ensure a coherent design for the entire series (*2).

Sketches and examples of Italian banknotes.

He also designed the graphic banknotes of various countries such as Indonesia (1952 1.000 Rupees), Belgium (1961 series of 100, 500 and 1.000 Francs) and Israel (1968 10, 50 and 100 Pounds).

* Click for other artists who contributed to the design of Turkish coins.

 

[1] EkoTürk TV interview with Şükrü Ertürk (in Turkish).

[2] source: Bank of Italy, history of emissions.

[3] banknote images: (CBRT) Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye Virtual Museum

Pietro Canonica (1869 ~ 1959)

Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica is the creator of many monumental sculptures from late 1920’ies. His most famous work is the Monument of the Republic erected in 1928 in Istanbul, Taksim Square.

Another of his works; Ataturk Monument located in Izmir, appears on the 1972 50 Lira commemorative silver pieces struck in memory of the 50th anniversary of the Victory of August the 30th of 1922 (engravings of the coin are made by Avni Kumuk).

 

Pietro Giampaoli (1898 ~ 1998)

Portrait of Atatürk by P. Giampaoli

Giampaoli was as a consultant to the Turkish State Mint and was the designer of the Ataturk effigy on the coins starting with the 1 Lira of 1957.

Same portrait was also used on the 10 Lira of 1960 silver commmemorative 10 Lira pieces.also on the 25.000.000 coin minted in 1998 as part of the 75th anniversary of the republic(*27, Page. 183).

He worked at the Italian Mint between 1936  and 1963. designed many Italian coins as well as medals and coins for Vatican, San Marino and Malta. He consulted Germany, France, Spain, Israel and Tunisia.

In 1957 he was invited to Turkey for renewing the coinage. He studied the works in the museums and monuments of Ankara and Istanbul for inspiration. Rather recent auction pieces indicate that he also worked on 25 Kurus coins bearing Ataturk’s portrait but eventually the figure of an Anatolian woman carrying an artillery shell was used for those coins. His signature in its Latinized form (J. Pavlvs) can be seen below the portrait.

There are auto-portraits of Giampaoli on medals(*1) where his name is Latinified. The page describes his resoning for using thistle on his self medals as “In the language of flowers and plants, the thistle symbolizes solitude and isolation and this meaning is due to the tendency of this plant to grow in inaccessible places. An ability to make one’s way through difficulties – yet “not without effort”, indeed.”

His brother Celestino Giampaoli also was affiliated with the Turkish State Mint (*2) during the period which acmonital (Acciaio Monetario Italiano / Italian monetary steel) was used for Turkish coins. It is a variant of stainless steel that is harder than silver or cupronickel hence requires specific machinery and expertize for processing.

[1] https://www.cronacanumismatica.com/un-refuso-due-medaglie-e-limpresa-del-maestro-giampaoli

[2] https://www.dizionariobiograficodeifriulani.it/giampaoli-pietro-celestino-e-vittorio